Iron catalyzed cross coupling reactions of aromatic compounds

ABSTRACT

A process for the production of compounds Ar—R 1  by means of a cross-coupling reaction of an organometallic reagent R 1 -M with an aromatic or heteroaromatic substrate Ar—X catalyzed by one or several iron salts or iron complexes as catalysts or pre-catalysts, present homogeneously or heterogeneously in the reaction mixture. This new invention exhibits substantial advantages over established cross coupling methodology using palladium- or nickel complexes as the catalysts. Most notable aspects are the fact that (i) expensive and/or toxic nobel metal catalysts are replaced by cheap, stable, commercially available and toxicologically benign iron salts or iron complexes as the catalysts or pre-catalysts, (ii) commercially attractive aryl chlorides as well as various aryl sulfonates can be used as starting materials, (iii) the reaction can be performed under “ligand-free” conditons, and (iv) the reaction times are usually very short.

The present invention describes a method for the cross coupling of aromatic compounds with organometallic reagents in the presence of iron salts or iron complexes as the catalysts or pre-catalysts.

Classical cross coupling processes are of utmost importance for modern organic synthesis and have found applications in industrial practice for the production of fine chemicals and biologically active compounds (Review: Metal-catalyzed Cross-coupling Reactions (Eds: F. Diederich, P. J. Stang), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 1998). In most cases, cross coupling reactions are catalyzed by palladium- or nickel complexes. Despite their versatility and broad scope, however, the need for palladium- and nickel complexes constitutes a significant drawback. Most notable disadvantages are (i) the high cost of the required palladium catalysts, (ii) the potential toxicity of nickel complexes and of possible nickel residues derived thereof in the products formed, (iii) the need for special ligands to render the palladium- or nickel centers sufficiently reactive, and (iv) extended reaction times in many cases. To minimize the costs of production and/or the risk of contamination of the products with potentially toxic residues, considerable efforts have to be made to recover the metal catalysts from the reaction mixtures.

The best substrates for palladium- and nickel catalyzed cross coupling reactions are aryl iodides and aryl bromides. Only recently have special ligands been designed that allow to extend the scope of these methods to aryl chlorides which are usually more attractive substrates due to their lower price; some of these ligands, however, are expensive and sensitive towards oxygen and moisture (C. Dai et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 2719–2724; D. W. Old et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 9722–9723; J. Huang et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 9889–9890; A. Fürstner et al. Synlett 2001, 290–292; A. Zapf et al. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2000, 39, 4153–4155; V. P. W. Böhm et al. J. Organomet. Chem. 2000, 595, 186–190; X. Bei et al. J. Org. Chem. 1999, 64, 6797–6803; J. P. Wolfe et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 9550–9561; A. F. Littke et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 4020–4028; R. Stürmer Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 3307–3308). Aryl triflates represent yet another class of suitable starting materials for palladium- or nickel catalyzed cross coupling reactions, whereas less expensive aryl sulfonates, in particular methanesulfonates or p-toluenesulfonates have hardly been used so far for their lack of activity in most cases (V. Percec et al. J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 1060–1065; Y. Kobayashi et al Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 8531–8534; D. Zim et al. Org. Lett. 2001, 3, 3049–3051).

Iron salts have been proposed as catalysts for cross coupling reactions by Kochi et al. as early as 1971 but found little attention in the following decades (M. Tamura et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1971, 93, 1487–1489; S. M. Neumann et al. J. Org. Chem. 1975, 40, 599–606; R. S. Smith et al. J. Org. Chem. 1976, 41, 502–509; J. K. Kochi, Acc. Chem. Res. 1974, 7, 351–360). This is partly due to the fact that iron salts in the presence of aryl halides lead to the homo-coupling of Grignard reagents with formation of symmetrical dimers (e.g. phenylmagnesium bromide to biphenyl) rather than to the desired cross coupled products (M. S. Kharasch et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1941, 63, 2316–2320). Therefore the scope of iron-catalyzed cross coupling reactions remained limited to reactions of Grignard reagents with alkenyl halides (G. Cahiez et al. Synthesis 1998, 1199–1205; G. A. Molander et al. Tetrahedron Lett. 1983, 5449–5452; A. Fürstner et al. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 7009–7012; M. A. Fakhakh et al. J. Organomet. Chem. 2001, 624, 131–135; W. Dohle et al., Synlett 2001, 1901–1904), alkenyl sulfones (J. L. Fabre et al. Tetrahedron Lett. 1982, 23, 2469–2472), carboxylic acid chlorides (V. Fiandanese et al. Tetrahedron Lett. 1984, 25, 4805–4808; M. M. Dell'Anna et al., J. Mol. Catal. A: Chemical 2000, 161, 239–243) or allylic phosphates (A. Yanagisawa et al. Synlett 1991, 513–514; A. Yanagisawa et al., Tetrahedron 1991, 50, 6017–6028). Successful iron-catalyzed cross coupling reactions of aromatic compounds such as aryl halides, aryl sulfonates, or aryl phosphates have not been reported.

Surprisingly, however, we have found that the cross-coupling of various types of aromatic substrates with different types of organometallic reagents can be efficiently catalyzed by iron salts or iron complexes under certain conditions specified below (for a preliminary publication during the grace period see: A. Fürstner et al. Angew. Chem. Int Ed. 2002, 41, 609–612). This new invention exhibits substantial advantages over established cross coupling methodology. Most notable aspects are the fact that (i) expensive and/or toxic nobel metal catalysts are replaced by cheap, stable, commercially available and toxicologically benign iron salts or iron complexes as the catalysts or pre-catalysts, (ii) commercially attractive aryl chlorides as well as various aryl sulfonates can be used as starting materials, (iii) the reaction can be performed under “ligand-free” conditons, and (iv) the reaction times are usually very short.

The active iron catalyst is formed in situ under reaction conditions from suitable iron precatalysts. All iron compounds of the oxidation states −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3 can be used as such precatalysts, including metallic iron or intermetallic iron compounds if used in suitably dispersed form. This includes, but is not restricted to, FeF₂, FeF₂.4H₂O, FeF₃, FeF₃.3 H₂O, FeCl₂, FeCl₂.4 H₂O, FeCl₃, FeCl₃.6H₂O, FeCl₃(PPh₃), Fe(OEt)₂, Fe(OEt)₃, FeCl₂.(PPh₃)₂, FeCl₂.(dppe) [dppe=1,2-bis-(diphenylphosphino)-ethane], Fe(acac)₂ (acac=acetylacetonate), Fe(acac)₃, tris-(trifluoroacetylacetonato)iron (III), tris-(hexafluoroacetylacetonato)iron (III), tris-(dibenzoylmethido)iron (III), tris-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-diheptanedionato)iron (III), FeBr₂, FeBr₃, Fel₂, Fe(II)acetate, Fe(II)oxalate, Fe(II)stearate, Fe(III)citrate.Hydrate, Fe(III)pivalate, Fe(II)-D-gluconate.2 H₂O, Fe(OSO₂C₆H₄Me)₃, Fe(OSO₂C₆H₄Me)₃.Hydrate, FePO₄, Fe(NO₃)₃, Fe(NO₃)₃.9 H₂O Fe(ClO₄)₂.Hydrate, FeSO₄, FeSO₄.Hydrate, Fe₂(SO₄)₃, Fe₂(SO₄)₃.Hydrate, K₃Fe(CN)₆, ferrocene, bis(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)iron, bis(indenyl)iron, Fe(II)phthalocyanin, Fe(III)phthalocyanin chloride, Fe(III)-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedioate, Fe(CO)₅, Fe(salen)X [salen=N,N-ethylenebis(salicylidenamidato), X=Cl, Br, I], 5,10,15,20-tetraphenyl-21H,23H-porphin-iron(III) halide, 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)-21H,23H-porphin-iron(III) halide, activated Fe (A. V. Kavaliunas et al. Organometallics 1983, 2, 377–383; A. Fürstner Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1993, 32, 164–189), iron-magnesium intermetallic compounds (L. E. Aleandri et al. Chem. Mat. 1995, 7, 1153–1170; B. Bogdanovic et al. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2000, 39, 4610–4612). The precatalysts can be used in anhydrous or in hydrated form. Preferred catalysts are those that are soluble or partly soluble in the reaction medium. The catalyst loading can be varied in a wide range, preferably between 0.01 mol % and 20 mol % with regard to the substrates used.

The present invention using said iron precatalyts pertains to the following process:

wherein

-   Ar is any C6–C30 aromatic or heteroaromatic group, with aromatic or     heteroaromatic being defined as given in Smith, M. B., March, J.     March's Advanced Organic Chemistry, 5^(th) Ed., Wiley, N.Y., 2001 -   X can be selected from halide, sulfonate, phosphonate -   R¹ is any C1–C20 linear or branched alkyl, C3–C20 cycloalkyl, C6–C20     aryl or heteroaryl; said alkyl or aryl groups may be substituted by     any substituent which is kinetically inert towards the metal in the     reagent R¹-M as defined below -   M is MgZ, CaZ, ZnZ, MnZ -   Z is any anionic ligand

In a preferred embodiment

-   Ar is phenyl, unsubstituted or substituted with 1–5 identical or     different substituents chosen from the following list: C1–C10 linear     or branched alkyl, C3–C10 cycloalkyl, C1–C10 linear or branched     perfluoroalkyl, C2–C10 alkenyl, C2–C10 alkynyl, C6–C20 aryl or     heteroaryl, —COOR², —OR³, —CN, —SR⁴, —SOR⁵, —SO₂R⁶, —SO₂(OR⁷),     —SO₂(NR⁸R⁹), —COR¹⁰, —NR¹¹R¹², —CONR¹³R¹⁴, —F, —Cl, —SiR¹⁵R¹⁶R¹⁷,     —PR¹⁸R¹⁹, —P(O)R²⁰R²¹, —P(O)(OR²²)(OR²³), —P(O)(NR²⁴R²⁵)(NR²⁶R²⁷),     —NCO, —NCS, —OC(O)OR²⁸, —OC(S)OR²⁹, —OC(O)NR³⁰R³¹, —NR³²C(O)OR³³,     —NR³⁴C(O)NR³⁵R³⁶, —C(OR³⁷)₂, —C(OR³⁸)(OR³⁹), —OC(O)R⁴⁰,     —NR⁴¹C(O)R⁴², —SC(O)R⁴³, —N═R⁴⁴, —OSO₂R⁴⁵, —NR⁴⁶SO₂R⁴⁷,     —C(NR⁴⁸)(OR⁴⁹), —N═NR⁵⁰R⁵¹, —NO₂, —C(OR⁵²)₃, —C(SR⁵³)₂,     —OSiR⁵⁴R⁵⁵R^(56 with R) ²–R⁵⁶ independently chosen from: H, C1–C10     linear or branched alkyl, C3–C10 cycloalkyl, C1–C10 linear or     branched perfluoroalkyl, C2–C10 alkenyl, C2–C10 alkynyl, C6–C20 aryl     or heteroaryl; said phenyl ring may be annellated or non-annellated     to one or more other rings of any ring size, said other rings being     aromatic, heteroaromatic or non-aromatic -   X is fluoride, chloride, —OSO₂R⁵⁷, —OP(O)(OR⁵⁸)(OR⁵⁹) with R⁵⁷–R⁵⁹     being independently chosen from: C1–C10 linear or branched alkyl,     C1–C10 cycloalkyl, C1–C10 perfluoroalkyl, C6–C20 aryl or heteroaryl;     said alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl or heteroaryl groups can be substituted     with 1–5 identical or different substituents chosen from C1–C6     branched or linear alkyl, C1–C6 perfluoroalkyl, C6–C20 aryl, —F,     —CN, -   R¹ is C1–C20 linear or branched alkyl, C3–C20 cycloalkyl, C6–C20     aryl or heteroaryl; said alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl or heteroaryl group     may be substituted or unsubstituted by any substitutent which is     kinetically inert towards Mg -   M is MgZ -   Z is any anionic ligand     In another preferred embodiment -   Ar is a heteroaromatic five-membered or six-membered ring with 1–4     heteroatoms for the five-membered ring or 1–5 heteroatoms for the     six-membered ring, respectively, which may be identical or not     identical and chosen amongst N, S, O, P; said heteroaromatic five-     or six-membered ring may be annellated or not-annelated to one or     more other rings of any ring size, said other rings being aromatic,     heteroaromatic, or non-aromatic, and can be substituted with 1–5     identical or different substituents chosen from the following list:     C1–C10 linear or branched alkyl, C3–C10 cycloalkyl, C1–C10 linear or     branched perfluoroalkyl, C2–C10 alkenyl, C2–C10 alkynyl, C6–C20 aryl     or heteroaryl, —COOR², —OR³, —CN, —SR⁴, —SOR⁵, —SO₂R⁶, —SO₂(OR⁷),     —SO₂(NR⁸R⁹), —COR¹⁰, —NR¹¹R¹², —CONR¹³R¹⁴, —F, —Cl, —SiR¹⁵R¹⁶R¹⁷,     —PR¹⁸R¹⁹, —P(O)R²⁰R²¹, —P(O)(OR²²)(OR²³), —P(O)(NR²⁴R²⁵)(NR²⁶R²⁷),     —NCO, —NCS, —OC(O)OR²⁸, —OC(S)OR²⁹, —OC(O)NR³⁰R³¹, —NR³²C(O)OR³³,     —NR³⁴C(O)NR³⁵R³⁶, —C(OR³⁷)₂, —C(OR³⁸)(OR³⁹), —OC(O)R⁴⁰,     —NR⁴¹C(O)R⁴², —SC(O)R⁴³, —N═R⁴⁴, —OSO₂R⁴⁵, —NR⁴⁶SO₂R⁴⁷,     —C(NR⁴⁸)(OR⁴⁹), —N═NR⁵⁰R⁵¹, —NO₂, —C(OR⁵²)₃, —C(SR⁵³)₂,     —OSiR⁵⁴R⁵⁵R⁵⁶ with R²–R⁵⁶ being independently chosen amongst H,     C1–C10 linear or branched alkyl, C3–C10 cycloalkyl, C1–C10 linear or     branched perfluoroalkyl, C2–C10 alkenyl, C2–C10 alkynyl, C6–C20 aryl     or heteroaryl; -   X is fluoride, chloride, —OSO₂R⁵⁷, OP(O)(OR⁵⁸)(OR⁵⁹) with R⁵⁷–R⁵⁹     being indepentently chosen amongst C1–C10 linear or branched alkyl,     C1–C10 cycloalkyl, C1–C10 perfluoroalkyl, C6–C20 aryl or heteroaryl;     said alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl or heteroaryl groups can be substituted     with 1–5 identical or different substituents chosen from C1–C6     branched or linear alkyl, C1–C6 perfluoroalkyl, C6–C20 aryl, —F,     —CN, -   R¹ is C1–C20 linear or branched alkyl, C3–C20 cycloalkyl, C6–C20     aryl or heteroaryl; said alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl or heteroaryl group     may be substituted or unsubstituted by any substitutent which is     kinetically inert towards the metal Mg -   M is MgZ -   Z is any anionic ligand     In a most preferred embodiment -   X is chloride, methanesulfonate, benzenesulfonate, toluenesulfonate,     dimethylbenzenesulfonate, trimethylbenzenesulfonate,     triisopropylbenzenesulfonate, fluorobenzenesulfonate,     difluorobenzenesulfoante, trifluorobenzenesulfonate,     hexafluorobenzenesulfonate, methoxybenzenesulfonate,     trifluoromethanesulfonate, or nonafluorobutanesulfonate (nonaflate) -   R¹ is C1–C20 linear or branched alkyl which may be substituted or     unsubstituted by any substitutent which is kinetically inert towards     the metal Mg and -   M is MgZ, wherein -   Z is fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide, C1–C20 linear or branched     alkyl, C3–C20 cycloalkyl or -   M is (ZnR⁶⁰R⁶¹)MgZ wherein R⁶⁰, R⁶¹ is any C1–C20 linear or branched     alkyl, C3–C10 cycloalkyl, C6–C20 aryl or heteroaryl, which may be     unsubstituted or substituted by any substitutent which is     kinetically inert towards Mg, wherein -   Z is fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide

The aromatic substrates as defined above may contain more than one group X which may be identical or non-identical and chosen from the lists defined above. If the aromatic substrate contains more than one such group X, the present invention also pertains to:

-   -   reactions in which only one of said groups X is selectively         replaced during the cross coupling reaction in the presence of         iron catalysts or iron precatalysts by an organic residue R¹,         while the other groups X are preserved in the product formed;     -   reactions in which all said groups X are replaced during the         cross coupling reaction in the presence of iron catalysts or         iron precatalysts by the same organic residue R¹;     -   reactions in which said groups X are consecutively replaced         during the cross coupling process in the presence of iron         catalysts or iron precatalysts with organic residues R¹ that are         non-identical. This consecutive cross coupling is achieved by         consecutive addition of the organometallic reagents R¹-M having         non-identical residues R¹ to the reaction mixture containing         said substrate and the iron catalysts or iron precatalysts.

A representative example for an iron-catalyzed cross coupling which simultaneously introduces more than one identical substituent R¹ is given in Scheme 1. A representative example for an iron-catalyzed cross coupling which introduces more than one non-identical substituent R¹ is given in Schemes 2 and 3. This procedure allows the formation of the musk-odored macrocycle muscopyridine and analogues (H. Schinz et al., Helv. Chim. Acta 1946, 29, 1524) by a consecutive iron-catalyzed cross coupling followed by ring closing metathesis (RCM) (A. Fürstner, Angew, Chem. Int. Ed. 2000, 39, 3012) and subsequent hydrogenation as shown in Scheme 3.

The reaction can be performed in any solvent that is inert to the chosen organometallic reagents R¹-M as defined above. Prefered solvents are ethereal solvents, hydrocarbon solvents or aprotic dipolar solvents. Possible solvents include, but are not restricted to, diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, tetrahydropyran, methyl-tetrahydrofuran, 1,4-dioxane, tert-butyl methyl ether, dibutyl ether, di-isopropyl ether, dimethoxyethane, dimethoxymethane, pentane, hexane, heptane, octane, isooctane, cyclohexane, benzene, toluene, xylene, cymene, petrol ether, decaline, dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, dimethylsulfoxide, N-methylpyrrolidinone (NMP), tetramethylurea, sulfolane, diethyl carbonate, 1,3-dimethyltetrahydro-2(1H)-pyrimidinone (DMPU), hexamethylphosphoric acid triamide (HMPA), N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA).

In a preferred embodiment, the reaction medium consists of a mixture of two or more solvents, which comprise one or more ethereal or hydrocarbon solvent chosen from: diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, tetrahydropyran, methyl-tetrahydrofuran, 1,4-dioxane, tert-butyl methyl ether, dibutyl ether, di-isopropyl ether, dimethoxyethane, dimethoxymethane, pentane, hexane, heptane, octane, isooctane, cyclohexane, benzene, toluene, xylene, cymene, petrol ether, decaline, and one or more aprotic dipolar solvent chosen from: dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, dimethylsulfoxide, N-methylpyrrolidinone (NMP), tetramethylurea, sulfolane, diethyl carbonate, 1,3-dimethyltetrahydro-2(1H)-pyrimidinone (DMPU), hexamethylphosphoric acid triamide (HMPA), N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA).

The reaction temperature can be varied in a wide range between −78° C. and +120° C. In a preferred embodiment, the reaction is started at temperatures ranging from −10° C. to +30° C. Eventually, heat may evolve during the iron-catalyzed cross coupling, particularly when carried out at larger scale, and appropriate measures must be taken to control the reaction temperature to avoid any risks associated with such formation of heat. One possibility consists in the slow addition of the organometallic reagent R¹-M to the reaction mixture which may additionally be cooled.

The scope of the iron catalyzed cross coupling is illustrated by—but by no means restricted to—the examples compiled in Tables 1–3 and in the Experimental Section. Products accessible by said iron catalyzed cross coupling process can be used as, or may serve as precursors for detergents, agrochemicals, pharmaceutically active compounds for use in human or veterinary medicine, dyes, pheromones, lubricants, perfume ingredients, aroma ingredients.

TABLE 1 Screening of different substrates in the iron catalyzed cross coupling reaction depicted below:

Yield (GC, %) Nr X 2 3 1 I 27 46 2 Br 38 50 3 Cl >95 — 4 OSO₂CF₃ >95 — 5 OSO₂C₆H₄Me >95 —

TABLE 2 Screening of different iron precatalysts (5 mol %) and of different nucleophiles in cross coupling reactions with two representative aryl chlorides. Nr Ar—Cl R—M Fe-precatalyst Ar—R (%)^([a]) 1

n-C₆H₁₃MgBr Fe(acac)₂ 90 2 n-C₆H₁₃MgBr Fe(acac)₃ 91 3 n-C₆H₁₃MgBr FeCl₃ 88 4 n-C₆H₁₃MgBr Fe(salen)Cl^([c]) 96 5

C₂H₅MgBr Fe(acac)₃ >95   6 n-C₆H₁₃MgBr Fe(acac)₃ >95   7 n-C₆H₁₃MgBr FeCl₂ >95   8 n-C₁₄H₂₉MgBr Fe(acac)₃ >95   9 i-C₃H₇MgBr Fe(salen)Cl^([c]) 59 10

Fe(acac)₃   91^([b]) 11

Fe(acac)₃   88^([b]) 12

Fe(acac)₃   85^([b]) 13 H₂C═CHMgBr Fe(acac)₃  0 14 H₂C═CHCH₂MgBr Fe(acac)₃  0 15 C₆H₅MgBr Fe(acac)₃ 28 16 Et₃ZnMgBr Fe(acac)₃ 93 ^([a])GC yields unless stated otherwise; ^([b])isolated yields; ^([c])salen = N,N-ethylenebis(salicylideneamidato)

TABLE 3 Iron catalyzed cross coupling reactions of different Grignard reagents with representative aryl chlorides, triflates (OTf) and tosylates (OTs). Isolated yields of the corresponding cross coupling products are given. Nr Ar—X R—MgX X = Cl X = OTf X = OTs 1

n-C₆H₁₃MgBr 91% 87% 83% 2

n-C₆H₁₃MgBr 91% 80% 74% 3

n-C₁₄H₂₉MgBr 94% 72% 75% 4

n-C₁₄H₂₉MgBr  0% 81%  0% 56

n-C₆H₁₃MgBr 85% (R = OiPr)94% (R = N(iPr)₂ 7

n-C₁₄H₂₉MgBr  0% 90%  0% 8

n-C₁₄H₂₉MgBr 81% 9

n-C₁₄H₂₉MgBr 92% 74% 82% 10

n-C₁₄H₂₉MgBr 81% 1112

n-C₁₄H₂₉MgBr(CH₃)₂CHMgBr 95%56% 13

n-C₁₄H₂₉MgBr 93% 14

n-C₁₄H₂₉MgBr 41% 15

n-C₁₄H₂₉MgBr 68% 1617

n-C₁₄H₂₉MgBrPhMgBr 89%53% 1819

n-C₁₄H₂₉MgBrPhMgBr 94%64% 2021

n-C₁₄H₂₉MgBrPhMgBr 84%63% 2223

n-C₁₄H₂₉MgBrPhMgBr 95%73% 2425

n-C₁₄H₂₉MgBrPhMgBr 95%57% 26

PhMgBr 71% 27

60% 28

n-C₁₄H₂₉MgBr 67% 29

n-C₁₄H₂₉MgBr 68% 30

n-C₁₄H₂₉MgBr 60% 3132

n-C₁₄H₂₉MgBrPhMgBr 84%66% 33

81% 34

n-C₁₄H₂₉MgBr 56%

The examples specified hereafter describe prototypical cross coupling reactions using iron salts or iron complexes as pre-catalysts under preferred conditions. However, said examples should by no means limit the scope, the scope of application, or the advantages of the present invention.

EXAMPLE 1

A flame-dried two-necked flask is charged under argon with 4-chlorobenzoic acid methyl ester (1.00 g, 5.86 mmol), Fe(acac)₃ (103 mg, 0.29 mmol), THF (35 mL) and N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP, 3.3 mL). A solution of n-hexylmagnesium bromide (2M in Et₂O, 3.5 mL, 7.00 mmol) is added via syringe to the resulting red solution, causing an immediate color change to dark brown and finally to violet. The resulting mixture is stirred for 5–10 min, the reaction is diluted with Et₂O and is carefully quenched upon addition of aq. HCl (1M, ca. 10 mL). Standard extractive work-up followed by flash chromatography of the crude product (hexanes/ethyl acetate, 30/1) provides the cross coupling product as a colorless syrup (1.24 g, 91%). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ =7.90 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.19 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 3.84 (s, 3H), 2.59 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 1.57 (m, 2H), 1.21–1.29 (m, 6H), 0.84 (t, J=6.9 Hz, 3H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ =167.1, 148.4, 129.2, 128.7, 51.8, 35.9, 31.2, 31.0, 28.9, 22.5, 13.9; IR: ν=1724 cm⁻¹; MS (EI): m/z (rel. intensity): 220 (50, [M⁺]), 189 (39), 150 (100), 91 (54), 43 (17).

EXAMPLE 2 Use of FeCl₂ as the Precatalyst

A flame-dried two-necked flask is charged under argon with 4-chlorobenzoic acid methyl ester (0.5 g, 2.93 mmol), FeCl₂ (19 mg, 0.15 mmol), THF (7 mL) and N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP, 1 mL). A solution of n-hexylmagnesium bromide (2M in Et₂O, 1.9 mL, 3.8 mmol) is added via syringe to the resulting red solution, causing an immediate color change to dark brown and finally to violet. The resulting mixture is stirred for 5 min. Work-up as described above provides 4-hexylbenzoic acid methyl ester as a colorless syrup (90%). The spectroscopic and analytical data are identical to those compiled above.

EXAMPLE 3

Cross Coupling of an Aryl Tosylate as the Substrate

A flame-dried two-necked flask is charged under argon with 4-(4-methylbenzenesulfonyloxy)benzoic acid methyl ester (0.50 g, 1.63 mmol), Fe(acac)₃ (29 mg, 0.08 mmol), THF (10 mL) and N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP, 0.95 mL). A solution of n-hexylmagnesium bromide (2M in Et₂O, 1 mL, 2 mmol) is added via syringe to the resulting red solution, causing an immediate color change to dark brown and finally to violet. The resulting mixture is stirred for 5 min, the reaction is diluted with Et₂O and is carefully quenched upon addition of aq. HCl (1M, ca. 10 mL). Work-up followed by flash chromatography of the crude product as described above provides 4-hexylbenzoic acid methyl ester as a colorless syrup (298 mg, 83%). The spectroscopic and analytical data are identical to those compiled above.

EXAMPLE 4 Cross Coupling of an Aryl Triflate as the Substrate

A flame-dried two-necked flask is charged under argon with 4-(trifluoromethylsulfonyloxy)benzoic acid methyl ester (760 mg, 2.66 mmol), Fe(acac)₃ (47 mg, 0.13 mmol), THF (30 mL) and N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP, 1.7 mL). A solution of n-hexylmagnesium bromide (2M in Et₂O, 1.7 mL, 3.4 mmol) is added via syringe to the resulting red solution, causing an immediate color change to dark brown and finally to violet. The resulting mixture is stirred for 5 min, the reaction is diluted with Et₂O and is carefully quenched upon addition of aq. HCl (1M, ca. 10 mL). Work-up followed by flash chromatography of the crude product as described above provides 4-hexylbenzoic acid methyl ester as a colorless syrup (540 mg, 93%). The spectroscopic and analytical data are identical to those compiled above.

EXAMPLE 5 Cross Coupling at Low Temperature

To a solution of methyl 4-chlorobenzoate (300 mg, 1.76 mmol) and Fe(acac)₃ (71 mg, 0.2 mmol) in THF (7 mL) and NMP (1.1 mL) at −60° C. is added a solution of C₁₄H₂₉MgCl (1M in THF, 2.3 mL). The mixture immediately turns black and becomes viscous after 3 min. Work-up as described above provides methyl 4-(tetradecyl)benzoate as a low-melting solid (92%). Mp=28–29° C. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 7.92 (dd, 2H, J=6.5, 1.8 Hz), 7.21 (dd, 2H, J=6.4, 1.7 Hz), 3.87 (s, 3H), 2.63 (t, 2H, J=7.7 Hz), 1.60 (m, 2H), 1.38–1.06 (m, 24H), 0.86 (t, 3H, J=6.7 Hz). ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 167.6, 148.9, 130.0, 128.8, 128.0, 52.3, 36.4, 32.3, 31.5, 30.09, 30.07, 30.05, 30.00. 29.95, 29.9, 29.8, 29.7, 23.1, 14.5. IR: 3091, 3061, 3031, 2925, 2854, 1726, 1611, 1574, 1510, 1466, 1435, 1415, 1377, 1309, 1277, 1191, 1178, 1109, 1021, 970, 854, 763, 722, 704 cm⁻¹. MS m/z (rel. intensity) 332 (100, [M⁺]), 301 (1), 163 (34), 150 (60), 149 (29).

EXAMPLE 6 Simultaneous Substitution of Two Different Leaving Groups

A solution of n-hexylmagnesium bromide (2M in Et₂O, 3.3 mL) is added to a solution of 6-chloro-2-(trifluoromethanesulfonyloxy)pyridine (435 mg, 1.66 mmol) in THF (7 mL) and NMP (0.5 mL) at 0° C. The reaction mixture turns black and GC inspection indicates quantitative conversion of the substrate after 5 min reacion time. For work-up, the mixture is diluted with Et₂O (20 mL) and quenched with brine (20 mL), the aqueous phase is repeatedly extracted with Et₂O, the combined organic layers are dried over Na₂SO₄ and evaporated, and the residue is purified by flash chromatography (hexanes/ethyl acetate, 15/1) to afford 2,6-di(hexyl)pyridine as a colorless liquid (301 mg, 73%). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 7.47 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 6.93 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 2.70 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 4H), 1.68 (m, 4H), 1.32 (m, 12H), 0.88 (t, J=6.5 Hz, 6H). ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 161.9, 136.2, 119.5, 38.5, 31.8, 30.0, 29.1, 22.7, 13.9. IR: 3060, 2955, 2926, 2871, 2856, 1590, 1577, 1456, 1378, 750 cm⁻¹. MS m/z (rel. intensity) 247 (5, [M⁺]), 218 (7), 204 (22), 190 (23), 177 (100), 134 (12), 120 (44), 107 (15). HR-MS (C₁₇H₂₉N) calcd. 247.229999; found 247.229778.

EXAMPLE 7 Consecutive Cross Coupling with Two Different Grignard Reagents

To a solution of 6-chloro-2-(trifluoromethanesulfonyloxy)pyridine (508 mg, 1.94 mmol) and Fe(acac)₃ (34 mg, 0.096 mmol) in THF (8 mL) and NMP (2.3 mL) at 0° C. is slowly added a solution of isobutylmagnesium bromide (2M in Et₂O, 1.1 mL, 2.2 mmol) causing a color change to yellow-brown. After stirring for 3 min at that temperature, a solution of C₁₄H₂₉MgCl (1M in THF, 2.3 mL, 2.3 mmol) is introduced via syringe causing an immediate color change to black-violet. After stirring for 5 min, an additional portion of Fe(acac)₃ (20 mg, 0.057 mmol) and C₁₄H₂₉MgCl (1M in THF, 0.5 mL, 0.5 mmol) are added consecutively and the resulting mixture is stirred for another 15 min. Quenching of the reaction with brine followed by a standard extractive work up and flash chromatography (hexanes/ethyl acetate, 20/1) affords 2-(isobutyl)-6-(tetradecyl)pyridine as a colorless liquid (449 mg, 71%). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 7.47 (t, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 6.94 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 6.90 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 2.71 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 2.58 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.07 (m, J=6.8 Hz, 1H), 1.68 (m, 2H), 1.20–1.35 (m, 22H), 0.87–0.92 (m, 9H). ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): 161.9, 160.9, 136.0, 120.4, 119.6, 47.6, 38.5, 32.0, 30.1, 29.80, 29.78, 29.75, 29.71, 29.6, 29.48, 29.47, 29.2, 22.8, 22.3, 13.9. MS m/z (rel. intensity) 331 (11, [M⁺], 316 (9), 289 (31), 176 (11), 162 (16), 149 (100), 120 (24), 107 (23).

EXAMPLE 8 Cross Coupling with a Zincate as the Nucleophile

A solution of EtMgBr (3 M in Et₂O, 0.9 mL) is added to a solution of Et₂Zn (3 M in toluene, 1 mL) at −78° C. After stirring for 15 min, the resulting cold solution of the zincate is added dropwise to a solution of methyl 4-chlorobenzoate (354 mg, 2.10 mmol) and Fe(acac)₃ (36 mg, 0.1 mmol) in THF (6 mL) and NMP (0.5 mL) at 0° C. causing a spontaneous color change from yellow to brown-black. Standard extractive work up followed by flash chromatography affords 4-ethylbenzoic acid methyl ester (93%) the analytical and spectroscopic data of which are identical to those of a commercial sample.

EXAMPLE 9 Iron-Salen Catalyzed Cross Coupling of a Secondary Grignard Reagent

A flame-dried two-necked flask is charged under argon with 2-chloro-6-methoxypyridine (420 mg, 2.93 mmol), the shown Fe(salen)Cl complex (93 mg, 0.147 mmol), THF (10 mL) and N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP, 1.8 mL). A solution of isopropylmagnesium bromide (2M in Et₂O, 1.9 mL, 3.8 mmol) is added at ambient temperature via syringe to the resulting red solution, causing an immediate color change to dark brown and finally to violet. The resulting mixture is stirred for 10 min, the reaction is diluted with Et₂O and is carefully quenched upon addition of brine. A standard extractive work-up followed by flash chromatography (hexanes) of the crude product provides the cross coupling product as a colorless liquid (246 mg, 56%). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 7.48 (dd, J=8.0, 7.4 Hz, 1H), 6.73 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 6.52 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 3.91 (s, 3H), 2.93 (hept., 1H), 1.27 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 6H). ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 165.3, 163.1, 138.8, 112.9, 107.4, 52.9, 35.9, 22.2. IR: 3066, 2965, 2907, 2871, 1595, 1580, 1464, 1414, 1288, 1255, 1031, 801 cm⁻¹. MS m/z (rel. intensity) 151 (41, [M⁺]), 150 (67), 136 (100), 121 (19), 104 (21), 93 (11).

EXAMPLE 10 Cross Coupling of an Aryl Grignard Reagent

A flame-dried two necked round bottom flask is charged under Ar with 2-chloroquinoxaline (300 mg, 1.82 mmol), Fe(acac)₃ (32 mg, 0.09 mmol) and THF (10 mL), and the mixture was cooled to −30° C. A solution of phenylmagnesium bromide (1M in THF, 4.2 mL, 4.2 mmol) is added via syringe to the resulting red solution, causing an immediate color change to dark brown/black. The resulting mixture is stirred for 30 min time while the temperature was allowed to reach −5° C., it was then diluted with Et₂O and carefully quenched with saturated NaCl. Standard extractive work-up followed by column chromatography (hexanes:EtOAc 13:1) provides the cross-coupling product as a white solid (263 mg, 70%): mp=73–75° C. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 9.32 (s, 1H), 8.21–8.10 (m, 4H), 7.79–7.71 (m, 2H), 7.58–7.49 (m, 3H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) (DEPT) δ 151.79 (C), 143.26 (CH), 142.27 (C), 141.54 (C), 136.75 (C), 130.20 (CH), 130.12 (CH), 129.59 (CH), 129.47 (CH), 129.09 (CH), 127.51 (CH). IR: υ (cm⁻¹, KBr) 3061, 1545, 1488, 1486, 1313, 769, 750, 687. MS (EI): m/z (rel. intensity): 206 (100, [M⁺]), 179 (36), 152 (5), 103 (12), 76 (19), 50 (9).

EXAMPLE 11 Cross Coupling of an Aryl Grignard Reagent Using an Iron-Salen Precatalyst

A flame-dried two necked round bottom flask is charged under Ar with 2-chloroquinoxaline (300 mg, 1.82 mmol), the shown Fe(salen)Cl (29 mg, 0.09 mmol) and THF (10 mL), and the mixture was cooled to −30° C. A solution of phenylmagnesium bromide (1M in THF; 4.2 mL, 4.2 mmol) is added via syringe to the resulting red solution, causing an immediate color change to dark brown/black. The resulting mixture is stirred for 10 min, is then diluted with Et₂O and carefully quenched with saturated NaCl. Standard extractive work-up followed by column chromatography (hexanes:EtOAc 13:1) provides the cross-coupling product as a white solid (275 mg, 73%). The analytical and spectroscopic data are identical to those compiled above.

EXAMPLE 12

A flame-dried two necked round bottom flask is charged under Ar with the shown aryl chloride (300 mg, 1.81 mmol), Fe(acac)₃ (32 mg, 0.09 mmol), THF (8 mL) and NMP (1.13 mL, 11.76 mmol). A solution of n-tetradecylmagnesium bromide (1M in THF, 2.3 mL, 2.3 mmol) is added via syringe to the resulting red solution, causing an immediate color change to dark brown. The resulting mixture is stirred for 5–10 min, diluted with EtOAc and carefully quenched with saturated NH₄Cl. The aqueous layer was then reextracted with CHCl₃. Standard extractive work-up, followed by column chromatography (hexanes:EtOAc 1:1 containing 5% CHCl₃) provides the cross-coupling product as a white solid (403 mg, 67%). mp=64–66° C. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.41 (s, 1H), 6.81 (s, 1H), 3.14 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 2.68 (s, 3H), 1.86 (m, 2H), 1.47–1.26 (m, 22H), 0.88 (m, 3H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) (DEPT) δ 164.68 (C), 155.19 (CH), 155.11 (C), 150.54 (C), 109.23 (CH), 31.75 (CH₂), 30.29 (CH₂), 29.51 (CH₂), 29.48 (CH₂), 29.46 (CH₂), 29.41 (CH₂), 29.27 (CH₂), 29.18 (CH₂), 29.09 (CH₂), 29.06 (CH₂), 25.95 (CH₂), 24.90 (CH₃), 22.51 (CH₂), 13.93 (CH₃); IR: υ (cm⁻¹) 3109, 2955, 2924, 2852, 1617, 1543, 1460, 1293; MS (EI): m/z (rel. intensity): 330 (21, [M⁺]), 301 (4), 161 (41), 148 (100). Anal. Calcd. for C₂₀H₃₄N₄: C, 72.68; H, 10.38. Found: C, 72.49; H, 10.31.

EXAMPLE 13

A flame-dried two necked round bottom flask is charged under Ar with 2-chloroquinoxaline (500 mg, 3.06 mmol), Fe(acac)₃ (54 mg, 0.15 mmol), THF (15 mL) and NMP (1.9 mL, 19.8 mmol). A solution of n-tetradecylmagnesium bromide (1M in THF, 4.0 mL, 4.0 mmol) is added via syringe to the resulting red solution, causing an immediate color change to dark brown. The resulting mixture is stirred for 5–10 min, diluted with Et₂O and carefully quenched with saturated NaCl. Standard extractive work-up followed by column chromatography (hexanes:EtOAc 10:1) provides the cross-coupling product as a white solid (950 mg, 95%): mp=25–27° C. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.73 (s, 1H), 8.08–8.02 (m, 2H), 7.75–7.67 (m, 2H), 3.00 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.84 (m, 2H), 1.44–1.22 (m, 22H), 0.87 (m, 3H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) (DEPT) δ 157.68 (C), 145.80 (CH), 142.20 (C), 141.21 (C), 129.83 (CH), 129.15 (CH), 128.85 (CH), 128.82 (CH), 36.51 (CH₂), 31.89 (CH₂), 29.65 (CH₂), 29.63 (CH₂), 29.61 (CH₂), 29.58 (CH₂), 29.48 (CH₂), 29.42 (CH₂), 29.40 (CH₂), 29.31 (CH₂), 22.65 (CH₂), 14.06 (CH₃); IR: υ (cm⁻¹) 3087, 2916, 2848, 1563, 1492, 1464, 765; MS (EI): m/z (rel. intensity): 326 (16, [M⁺]), 157 (11), 144 (100), 117 (2), 43 (4). Anal. Calcd. for C₂₂H₃₄N₂: C, 80.93; H, 10.50. Found: C, 80.86; H, 10.54.

EXAMPLE 14

To a solution of Fe(acac)₃ (23 mg, 0.065 mmol) and NMP (0.8 mL, 8.4 mmol) in 3 mL of THF under Ar, n-tetradecylmagnesium bromide (1M in THF, 0.4 mL, 0.4 mmol) is added causing the reaction color to change from red to dark brown. Then a solution 1,3-dimethyl-6-chlorouracil (200 mg, 1.29 mmol) in THF (3 mL) is added via cannula followed by the rest of the n-tetradecylmagnesium bromide (1M in THF, 1.3 mL, 1.3 mmol). The temperature of the resulting mixture rises as a consequence of the addition of the Grignard. The resulting mixture is stirred for 5–10 min in which the color of the reaction fades to yellow. Dilution with Et₂O, quenching of the reaction with brine followed by a standard extractive work-up and flash chromatography (hexanes:EtOAc 6:1) provides the cross-coupling product as a white solid (259 mg, 60%). mp=59–60° C. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 5.52 (s, 1H), 3.34 (bs, 3H), 3.27 (bs, 3H), 2.41 (m, 2H), 1.54 (m, 2H), 1.11–1.20 (m, 22H), 0.82 (m, 3H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) (DEPT) δ 162.49 (C), 155.05 (C), 152.60 (C), 99.91 (CH), 32.50 (CH₂), 31.77 (CH₂), 31.17 (CH₃), 29.50 (CH₂), 29.42 (CH₂), 29.30 (CH₂), 29.21 (CH₂), 29.12 (CH₂), 28.94 (CH₂), 27.75 (CH₃), 26.97 (CH₂), 22.54 (CH₂), 13.96 (CH₃); IR: υ (cm⁻¹) 2924, 2847, 1706, 1665, 1467; MS (EI): m/z (rel. intensity): 336 (15, [M⁺]), 167 (31), 154 (100), 127 (4), 97 (8). Anal Calcd. for C₂₀H₃₆N₂O₂: C, 71.38; H, 10.78. Found: C, 71.24; H, 10.64.

EXAMPLE 15

A flame-dried two necked round bottom flask is charged under Ar with 4-chloro-2-phenylquinazoline (500 mg, 2.08 mmol), Fe(acac)₃ (37 mg, 0.10 mmol), THF (15 mL) and NMP (1.3 mL, 13.5 mmol). A solution of n-tetradecylmagnesium bromide (1M in THF, 2.7 mL, 2.7 mmol) is added via syringe to the resulting red solution, causing an immediate color change to dark brown. The resulting mixture is stirred for 5–10 min, diluted with Et₂O and carefully quenched with saturated NaCl. Standard extractive work-up followed by column chromatography (hexanes:EtOAc 10:1) provides the cross-coupling product as a white solid (701 mg, 84%). mp=54–56° C. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.70 (m, 2H), 8.1 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H), 7.84 (m, 1H), 7.59–7.47 (m, 4H), 3.32 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 2.00 (m, 2H), 1.59–1.22 (m, 22H), 0.92 (m, 3H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) (DEPT) δ 171.38 (C), 160.01 (C), 150.66 (C), 138.47 (CH), 133.17 (CH), 130.25 (CH), 129.35 (CH), 128.55 (CH), 128.42 (CH), 126.59 (CH), 124.50 (CH), 122.48 (CH), 34.51 (CH₂), 31.91 (CH₂), 29.67 (CH₂), 29.58 (CH₂), 29.51 (CH₂), 29.35 (CH₂), 28.48 (CH₂), 22.67 (CH₂), 14.10 (CH₃); IR: υ (cm⁻¹) 3067, 2913, 2850,1616, 1549, 1345, 761, 703.

EXAMPLE 16

A flame-dried two necked round bottom flask is charged under Ar with 4-chloro-2-phenylquinazoline (500 mg, 2.08 mmol), the shown Fe(salen)Cl complex (32 mg, 0.10 mmol) and THF (10 mL), and the mixture was cooled to −30° C. A solution of phenylmagnesium bromide (1M in THF, 4.8 mL, 4.8 mmol) is added via syringe to the resulting red solution, causing an immediate color change to dark brown/black. The resulting mixture is stirred for 10 min at this temperature, is then diluted with Et₂O and carefully quenched with saturated NaCl. Standard extractive work-up followed by flash chromatography (hexanes:EtOAc 10:1) provides the cross-coupling product as a white solid (386 mg, 66%). mp=118–120° C. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.72 (m, 2H), 8.16 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 8.13 (dt, J=8.3, 0.4 Hz, 1H), 7.89 (m, 3H), 7.64–7.49 (m, 7H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) (DEPT) δ 168.31 (C), 160.25 (C), 152.01 (C), 138.24 (C), 137.73 (C), 133.48 (CH), 130.47 (CH), 130.17 (CH), 129.88 (CH), 129.19 (CH), 128.68 (CH), 128.51 (2×CH), 126.99 (CH), 126.96 (CH), 121.70 (C). IR: υ (cm⁻¹, KBr) 3053, 1613, 1564, 1540, 1486, 1342, 774, 702. MS (EI): m/z (rel. intensity): 282 (80, [M⁺]), 281 (100), 205 (7), 178 (8), 141 (6), 102 (4), 77 (8). HR-MS calcd. for C₂₀H₁₄N₂ 282.1157; found 282.1157.

EXAMPLE 17

A flame-dried two necked round bottom flask is charged under Ar with 6-chloro-2,5-dimethylpyrazine (500 mg, 3.51 mmol), Fe(acac)₃ (60 mg, 0.17 mmol), THF (15 mL) and NMP (2.2 mL, 22.8 mmol). A solution of n-tetradecylmagnesium bromide (1M in THF, 4.6 mL, 4.6 mmol) is added via syringe to the resulting red solution causing an immediate color change to dark brown. The resulting mixture is stirred for 5–10 min, diluted with Et₂O and carefully quenched with brine. Standard extractive work-up followed by column chromatography (hexanes:EtOAc 10:1) provides the cross-coupling product as a white solid (1010 mg, 94%). mp=35–36° C. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.14 (s, 1H), 2.76 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 2.52 (s, 3H), 2.48 (s, 3H), 1.65 (m, 2H), 1.41–1.28 (m, 22H), 0.87 (m, 3H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) (DEPT) δ 154.99 (C), 150.04 (C), 148.45 (C), 140.52 (CH), 35.16 (CH₂), 31.92 (CH₂), 29.08 (CH₂), 29.65 (CH₂), 29.63 (CH₂), 29.55 (CH₂), 29.48 (CH₂), 29.35 (CH₂), 28.67 (CH₂), 22.68 (CH₂), 21.10 (CH₃), 21.02 (CH₃), 14.09 (CH₃); IR: υ (cm⁻¹) 2954, 2914, 2850, 1473, 1453, 1377, 1370; MS (EI): m/z (rel. intensity): 304 (5, [M⁺]), 289 (3), 135 (9), 122 (100). Anal. Calcd. for C₂₀H₃₆N₂: C, 78.88; H, 11.92. Found: C, 78.77; H, 11.86.

EXAMPLE 18

A flame-dried two necked round bottom flask is charged under Ar with 6-chloro-3-phenylpyridazine (500 mg, 2.62 mmol), Fe(acac)₃ (46 mg, 0.13 mmol), THF (15 mL) and NMP (1.3 mL, 17.0 mmol). A solution of n-tetradecylmagnesium bromide (1M in THF, 3.4 mL, 3.4 mmol) is added via syringe to the resulting red solution causing an immediate color change to dark brown. The resulting mixture is stirred for 5–10 min, diluted with Et₂O and carefully quenched with brine. Standard extractive work-up followed by column chromatography (hexanes:EtOAc 10:1, then 5:1) provides the cross-coupling product as a white solid (634 mg, 68%). mp=87–88° C. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.09–8.03 (m, 2H), 7.77 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.45–7.47 (m, 3H), 7.37 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 3.02 (t, J=6.7 Hz, 2H), 1.81 (m, 2H), 1.44–1.20 (m, 22H), 0.88 (m, 3H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) (DEPT) δ 162.31 (C), 157.32 (C), 136.34 (C), 129.82 (CH), 128.96 (CH), 126.72 (CH), 124.16 (CH), 35.79 (CH₂), 31.91 (CH₂), 29.65 (CH₂), 29.63 (CH₂), 29.53 (CH₂), 29.51 (CH₂), 29.44 (CH₂), 29.34 (CH₂), 29.26 (CH₂), 22.67 (CH₂), 14.09 (CH₃); IR: υ (cm⁻¹) 3060, 2916, 2848, 1590, 1469, 1450, 747, 693; MS (EI): m/z (rel. intensity): 352 (11, [M⁺]), 183 (20), 170 (100), 141 (2), 102 (3). Anal. Calcd. for C₂₄H₃₆N₂: C, 81.76; H, 10.29. Found: C, 81.65; H, 10.21. HRMS Calcd. for C₂₄H₃₆N₂: 352.2879. Found: 352.2879.

EXAMPLE 19

A flame-dried two necked round bottom flask is charged under Ar with 1-chloroisoquinoline (500 mg, 3.06 mmol), Fe(acac)₃ (58 mg, 0.16 mmol), THF (15 mL) and NMP (1.9 mL, 19.8 mmol). A solution of n-tetradecylmagnesium bromide (1M in THF, 4.0 mL, 4.0 mmol) is added via syringe to the resulting red solution causing an immediate color change to dark brown. The resulting mixture is stirred for 5–10 min, diluted with Et₂O and carefully quenched with brine. Standard extractive work-up followed by column chromatography (hexanes:EtOAc 10:1) provides the cross-coupling product as a white solid (946 mg, 95%). mp=34–36° C. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.43 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 1H), 8.15 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.80 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.66 (bt, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.58 (bt, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.49 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 1H) (m, 2H), 3.30 (t, J=7.9 Hz, 2H), 1.86 (m, 2H), 1.49–1.22 (m, 22H), 0.87 (m, 3H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) (DEPT) δ 162.45 (C), 141.71 (CH), 136.31 (C), 129.79 (CH), 127.37 (CH), 126.93 (CH), 125.39 (CH), 119.13 (CH), 35.49 (CH₂), 31.91 (CH₂), 29.91 (CH₂), 29.82 (CH₂), 29.66 (CH₂), 29.63 (CH₂), 29.57 (CH₂), 29.53 (CH₂), 29.34 (CH₂), 22.67 (CH₂), 14.08 (CH₃); IR: υ (cm⁻¹) 3051 br, 3049, 2916, 2848, 1563, 1502, 1468, 1386, 824, 749; MS (EI): m/z (rel. intensity): 325 (8, [M⁺]), 198 (3), 156 (17), 143 (100), 115 (3), 43 (4). Anal. Calcd. for C₂₃H₃₅N: C, 84.86; H, 10.84. Found: C, 84.82; H, 10.97.

EXAMPLE 20

A flame-dried two necked round bottom flask is charged under Ar with 2-chloro-4,6-dimethoxytriazine (500 mg, 2.85 mmol), Fe(acac)₃ (50 mg, 0.14 mmol), THF (10 mL) and NMP (1.8 mL, 18.5 mmol). A solution of n-tetradecylmagnesium bromide (1M in THF, 3.7 mL, 3.7 mmol) is added via syringe to the resulting red solution causing an immediate color change to dark brown. The resulting mixture is stirred for 5–10 min, diluted with Et₂O and carefully quenched with brine. Standard extractive work-up followed by column chromatography (hexanes:EtOAc 5:1) provides the cross-coupling product as a white solid (754 mg, 84%). mp=51–52° C. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 3.96 (bs, 6H), 2.65 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.71 (m, 2H), 1.39–1.12 (m, 22H), 0.88 (m, 3H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) (DEPT) δ 183.53 (C), 172.36 (C), 54.82 (CH₃), 38.56 (CH₂), 31.80 (CH₂), 29.55 (CH₂), 29.51 (CH₂), 29.37 (CH₂), 29.23 (CH₂), 29.17 (CH₂), 27.23 (CH₂), 22.55 (CH₂), 13.94 (CH₃); IR: υ (cm⁻¹) 3003, 2955, 2915, 2851, 1588, 1553, 1502, 1472, 1355, 1072, 817, 716; MS (EI): m/z (rel. intensity): 377 (4, [M⁺]), 322 (2), 168 (31), 155 (100), 125 (2), 43 (11). Anal. Calcd. for C₁₉H₃₅N₃O₂: C, 67.62; H, 10.45. Found: C, 67.54; H, 10.40.

EXAMPLE 21

A flame-dried two necked round bottom flask is charged under Ar with 4-chloro-2-(methylthio)pyrimidine (500 mg, 3.11 mmol), Fe(acac)₃ (55 mg, 0.16 mmol), THF (10 mL) and NMP (2 mL). A solution of n-tetradecylmagnesium bromide (1M in THF, 3.7 mL, 3.7 mmol) is added via syringe to the resulting red solution causing an immediate color change to dark brown. The resulting mixture is stirred for 5–10 min, diluted with Et₂O and carefully quenched with saturated NaCl. Standard extractive work-up followed by column chromatography (hexanes:EtOAc 5:1) provides the cross-coupling product as a colorless syrup (896 mg, 89%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.37 (d, J=5.1 Hz, 1H), 6.80 (d, J=5.1 Hz, 1H), 2.67 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 2.56 (bs, 3H), 1.72 (m, 2H), 1.32–1.22 (m, 22H), 0.88 (m, 3H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) (DEPT) δ 172.20 (C), 171.37 (C), 156.63 (CH), 115.31 (CH), 37.78 (CH₂), 31.96 (CH₂), 29.72 (CH₂), 29.54 (CH₂), 29.42 (CH₂), 29.39 (CH₂), 29.31 (CH₂), 28.61 (CH₂), 22.72 (CH₂), 14.13 (CH₃), 14.07 (CH₃); IR: υ (cm⁻¹) 3032, 2924, 2853, 1568, 1542, 1466, 1423, 1335, 1205; MS (EI): m/z (rel. intensity): 322 (7, [M⁺]), 209 (2), 153 (16), 140 (100), 94 (3), 43 (4). Anal. Calcd. for C₁₉H₃₄N₂S: C, 70.75; H, 10.62. Found: C, 70.65; H, 10.54. HRMS Calcd. for C₁₉H³⁴N₂S: 322.2443. Found: 322.2442.

EXAMPLE 22

A solution of phenylmagnesium bromide (1M in THF, 3.9 mL, 3.9 mmol) is added to a solution of 2-chloro-4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazine (300 mg, 1.70 mmol) and Fe(acac)₃ (30 mg, 0.085 mmol) in THF (10 mL) at −30° C. After stirring for 30 min at that temperature, the reaction is quenched with brine, the aqueous layer is extracted with Et₂O, the combined organic phases are dried over Na₂SO₄ and evaporated, and the residue is purified by flash chromatography (hexane/ethyl acetate, 10:1). After eluting a first fraction containing biphenyl (103 mg), one obtains 2-phenyl-4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazine as a colorless solid (231 mg, 63%). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₂Cl₂) δ 8.47 (d, 2H), 7.47–7.56 (m, 3H), 4.08 (s, 3H). ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CD₂Cl₂) δ 175.0, 173.3, 135.6, 133.0, 129.2, 128.8, 55.4.

EXAMPLE 23

A solution of phenylmagnesium bromide (1M in THF, 5.6 mL, 5.6 mmol) is added to a solution of 3-chloro-2,5-dimethylpyrazine (346 mg, 2.42 mmol) and Fe(acac)₃ (43 mg, 0.12 mmol) in THF (10 mL) at −30° C. After stirring for 30 min at that temperature, the reaction is quenched with brine, the aqueous layer is extracted with Et₂O, the combined organic phases are dried over Na₂SO₄ and evaporated, and the residue is purified by flash chromatography (hexane/ethyl acetate, 10:1). After eluting a first fraction containing biphenyl (212 mg), one obtains 2,5-dimethyl-3-phenylpyrazine as a pale yellow syrup (287 mg, 64%). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₂Cl₂) δ 8.31 (s, 1H), 7.55–7.59 (m, 2H), 7.43–7.51 (m, 3H), 2.55 (s, 3H), 2.54 (s, 3H). ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CD₂Cl₂) δ 152.7, 150.6, 148.4, 142.1, 139.5, 129.3, 128.7, 128.6, 22.7, 21.2.

EXAMPLE 24

A solution of phenylmagnesium bromide (1M in THF, 4.2 mL, 4.2 mmol) is added to a solution of 4-chloro-2-methylthio-pyrimidine (296 mg, 1.84 mmol) and Fe(acac)₃ (32 mg, 0.09 mmol) in THF (10 mL) at −30° C. After stirring for 50 min at that temperature, the reaction is quenched with brine, the aqueous layer is extracted with Et₂O, the combined organic phases are dried over Na₂SO₄ and evaporated, and the residue is purified by flash chromatography (hexane/ethyl acetate, 10:1). After eluting a first fraction containing biphenyl (90 mg), one obtains 2-methylthio-4-phenyl-pyrimidine as a pale yellow solid (197 mg, 53%). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₂Cl₂) δ 8.53 (d, 1H), 8.09–8.13 (m, 2H), 7.53–7.48 (m, 3H), 7.39 (d, 2H), 2.63 (s, 3H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CD₂Cl₂) δ 173.0, 164.0, 158.0, 136.7, 131.1, 131.0, 129.2, 127.5, 127.4, 112.2, 14.3.

EXAMPLE 25

A solution of phenylmagnesium bromide (1M in THF, 3.6 mL, 3.6 mmol) is added to a solution of 2-chloro-isoquinoline (258 mg, 1.57 mmol)) and Fe(acac)₃ (28 mg, 0.078 mmol) in THF (10 mL) at −30° C. After stirring for 50 min at that temperature, the reaction is quenched with brine, the aqueous layer is extracted with Et₂O, the combined organic phases are dried over Na₂SO₄ and evaporated, and the residue is purified by flash chromatography (hexane/ethyl acetate, 10:1). After eluting a first fraction containing biphenyl (60 mg), one obtains 2-phenyl-isoquinoline as a colorless solid (184 mg, 57%). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₂Cl₂) δ 8.60 (d, 1H), 8.11 (d, 1H), 7.91 (d, 1H), 7.66–7.72 (m, 4H), 7.48–7.57 (m, 4H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CD₂Cl₂) δ 160.9, 142.6, 140.1, 137.2, 130.3, 130.2, 128.8, 128.5, 127.7, 127.5, 127.3, 127.0, 120.1.

EXAMPLE 26

A solution of phenylmagnesium bromide (1M in THF, 4.2 mL, 4.2 mmol) is added to a solution of 2-chloro-quinoline (300 mg, 1.83 mmol)) and Fe(acac)₃ (32 mg, 0.09 mmol) in THF (10 mL) at −30° C. After stirring for 50 min at that temperature, the reaction is quenched with brine, the aqueous layer is extracted with Et₂O, the combined organic phases are dried over Na₂SO₄ and evaporated, and the residue is purified by flash chromatography (hexane/ethyl acetate, 15:1). After eluting a first fraction containing biphenyl (44 mg), one obtains 2-phenyl-quinoline as a colorless solid (265 mg, 71%). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₂Cl₂) δ8.22–8.25 (m, 3H), 8.16 (d, 1H), 7.92 (d, 1H), 7.86 (d, 1H), 7.75 (m, 1H), 7.46–7.57 (m, 4H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CD₂Cl₂) δ 157.3, 148.7, 139.9, 137.0, 130.0, 129.7, 129.1, 127.8, 127.7, 127.6, 127.3, 126.8, 119.1.

EXAMPLE 27

To a solution of Fe(acac)₃ (14 mg, 0.04 mmol) and NMP (0.34 mL, 3.5 mmol) in THF (2 mL) under Ar at room temperature is added n-tetradecylmagnesium bromide (1M in THF, 0.3 mL, 0.3 mmol) causing the reaction color to change from red to dark brown. A solution of 2′,3′,5′-tri-O-acetyl-6-chloro-9-β-D-ribofuranosyl-purine (220 mg, 0.53 mmol) in THF (5 mL) is then added via cannula, followed by addition of a second dose of n-tetradecylmagnesium bromide (1M in THF, 1.0 mL, 1.0 mmol). The resulting mixture is stirred for 10 min at that temperature prior to careful quenching with sat. NaCl and extraction with CH₂Cl₂. Flash chromatography (hexanes:EtOAc, 1:1) provides the cross-coupling product as a yellow oil (170 mg, 56%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.87 (s, 1H), 8.15 (s, 1H), 6.21 (d, J=5.2 Hz, 1H), 5.97 (t, J=5.4 Hz, 1H), 5.69 (t, J=5.1 Hz, 1H), 4.44 (m, 2H), 4.36 (dd, J=18.2, 5.3 Hz, 1H), 3.18 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 2.14 (s, 3H), 2.10 (s, 3H), 2.07 (s, 3H), 1.87 (m, 2H), 1.41 (m, 2H), 1.38–1.22 (m, 22H), 0.86 (t, J=6.5 Hz, 3H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) (DEPT) δ 170.24 (C), 169.50 (C), 163.79 (C), 152.68 (CH), 150.24 (C), 141.91 (CH), 133.26 (C), 86.45 (CH), 80.31 (CH), 73.07 (CH), 70.59 (CH), 62.99 (CH₂), 33.34 (CH₂), 31.87 (CH₂), 29.64 (CH₂), 29.60 (CH₂), 29.48 (CH₂), 29.40 (CH₂), 29.30 (CH₂), 28.52 (CH₂), 22.64 (CH₂), 20.68 (CH₃), 20.47 (CH₃), 20.34 (CH₃), 14.06 (CH₃). 

1. A process for producing a compound of the formula Ar—(R¹)_(p)(X)_(n-p), said process comprising conducting a cross-coupling reaction between at least one organometallic reagent of the formula (R¹)-M and an aromatic or heteroaromatic substrate of the formula Ar—(X)_(n) in a reaction mixture in the presence of at least one catalyst or precatalyst comprising one or several iron salts or iron complexes containing iron in an oxidation state of −2, −1, 0, +1, +2 or +3, said iron complexes not comprising palladium, and said iron salts or iron complexes being present in the reaction mixture homogeneously or heterogeneously, wherein in said formulas: Ar represents an optionally annellated C₆–C₃₀ aromatic or heteroaromatic group; each X independently represents halide, suiphonate or phosphonate; each R¹ independently represents C₁–C₂₀ linear or branched alkyl, C₃–C₂₀ cycloalkyl, C₆–C₂₀ aryl or heteroaryl; said alkyl or aryl groups optionally being substituted by any substituent that is inert under the conditions of said reaction to (R¹)-M;++ M represents MgZ, CaZ, ZnZ, MnZ or (ZnR⁶⁰R⁶¹)MgZ; R⁶⁰ and R⁶¹ independently represent C₁–C₂₀ linear or branched alkyl, C₃–C₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₆–C₂₀ aryl or heteroaryl, which may be unsubstituted or substituted by any substituent which is inert under the conditions of said reaction to (ZnR⁶⁰R⁶¹)MgZ; Z represents any anionic ligand; and n and peach represent at least 1 provided that if n=1, then p=1, and if n>1, then p=1 or n.
 2. A process for producing a compound of the formula Ar—(R¹)_(p)(X)_(n-p), said process comprising conducting a cross-coupling reaction between at least one organometallic reagent of the formula (R¹)-M and an aromatic or heteroaromatic substrate of the formula Ar—(X)_(n) in a reaction mixture in the presence of at least one catalyst or precatalyst comprising one or several iron salts or iron complexes containing iron in an oxidation state of −2, −1, 0, +1, +2 or +3, said iron complexes not comprising palladium, and said iron salts or iron complexes being present in the reaction mixture homogeneously or heterogeneously, wherein in said formulas: Ar represents an optionally annellated C₆–C₃₀ aromatic or heteroaromatic group; each X independently represents halide, suiphonate or phosphonate; each R¹ independently represents C₁–C₂₀ linear or branched alkyl, C₃–C₂₀ cycloalkyl, C₆–C₂₀ aryl or heteroaryl; said alkyl or aryl groups optionally being substituted by any substituent that is inert under the conditions of said reaction to (R¹)-M; M represents MgZ, CaZ, ZnZ, MnZ or (ZnR⁶⁰R⁶¹)MgZ; R⁶⁰ and R⁶¹ independently represent C₁–C₂₀ linear or branched alkyl, C₃–C₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₆–C₂₀ aryl or heteroaryl, which may be unsubstituted or substituted by any substituent which is inert under the conditions of said reaction to (ZnR⁶⁰R⁶¹)MgZ; Z represents any anionic ligand; and, n and p each represent 1 or 2 provided that if n=1, then p=1, and if n=2, then p=1 or
 2. 3. The process according to claim 1, wherein said iron salts or iron complexes are independently selected from the group consisting of finely dispersed metallic iron, FeF₂, FeF_(2.4) H₂O, FeF₃, FeF_(3.3) H₂O, FeCl₂, FeCl_(2.4) H₂O, FeCl₃, FeCl_(3.6) H₂O, FeCl₃(PPh₃), Fe(OEt)₂, Fe(OEt)₃, FeCl₂.(PPh₃)₂, FeCl₂.(ddpe) [ddpe=1,2-bis-(diphenylphosphino)-ethane], Fe(acac)₂ [acac=acetylacetonate], Fe(acac)₃, tris-(trifluoroacetylacetonato)iron (III), tris-(hexafluoroacetylacetonato)iron (III), tris-(dibenzoylmethido)iron (III), tris-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-diheptanedionato)iron (III), FeBr₂, FeBr₃, FeI₂, Fe(II)acetate, Fe(II)oxalate, Fe(II)stearate, Fe(II)citrate.Hydrate, Fe(II)pivalate, Fe(II)-D-gluconate.2 H₂O, Fe(OSO₂C₆H₄Me)₃, Fe(OSO₂C₆H₄Me)₃.Hydrate, FePO₄, Fe(NO₃)₃, Fe(NO₃)_(3.9) H₂O Fe(ClO₄)₂.Hydrat FeSO₄, FeSO₄.Hydrate, Fe₂(SO₄)₃, Fe₂(SO₄)₃.Hydrate, K₃Fe(CN)₆, ferrocene, bis(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)iron, bis(indenyl)iron, Fe(II)phthalocyanin, Fe(III)phthalocyanin chloride, Fe(III)-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedioate, Fe(CO)₅, Fe(salen)X [salen=N,N-ethylenebis(salicylidenamidato), X=Cl, Br, I], 5,10,15,20-tetraphenyl-21H,23H-porphin-iron(III) halide, 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(pentafluorophenlyl)-21H,23H-porphin-iron(III) halide, and iron-magnesium intermetallic compounds.
 4. The process according to claim 1, wherein said group Ar is phenyl, unsubstituted or substituted with 1–5 identical or different substituents selected from the group consisting of C₁–C₁₀ linear or branched alkyl, C₃–C₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₁–C₁₀ linear or branched perfluoroalkyl, C₂–C₁₀ alkenyl, C₂–C₁₀ alkynyl, C₆–C₂₀ aryl or heteroaryl, —COOR², —OR³, —CN, —SR⁴, —SOR⁵, —SO₂R⁶, —SO₂(OR⁷), —SO₂(NR⁸R⁹), —COR₁₀, —NR¹¹R¹², —CONR¹³R¹⁴, —F, —Cl, —SiR¹⁵R¹⁶R¹⁷, —PR¹⁸R¹⁹, —P(O)R²⁰R²¹, —P(O)(OR²²)(OR²³), —P(O)(NR²⁴R²⁵)(NR²⁶R²⁷), —NCO, —NCS, —OC(O)OR²⁸, —OC(S)OR²⁹, —OC(O)NR³⁰R³¹, —NR³²C(O)OR³³, —NR³⁴C(O)NR³⁵R³⁶, —C(OR³⁷)₂, —C(OR³⁸)(OR³⁹), —OC(O)R⁴⁰, —NR⁴¹C(O)R⁴², —SC(O)R⁴³, —N═R⁴⁴, —OSO₂R⁴⁵, —NR⁴⁶SO₂R⁴⁷, —C(NR⁴⁸)(OR⁴⁹), —N═NR⁵⁰R^(51, —NO) ₂, C(OR⁵²)₃, —C(SR⁵³)₂, —OSiR⁵⁴R⁵⁵R⁵⁶, with R²–R⁵⁶ are independently chosen from: H, C₁–C₁₀ linear or branched alkyl, C₃–C₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₁–C₁₀ linear or branched perfluoroalkyl, C₂–C₁₀ alkenyl, C₂–C₁₀ alkynyl, C₆–C₂₀ aryl or heteroaryl; said phenyl ring optionally being annellated to one or more other rings of any ring size, said rings being aromatic, heteroaromatic or non-aromatic.
 5. The process according to claim 1, wherein said group Ar is a heteroaromatic five-membered ring or six-membered ring with 1–4 heteroatoms for the five-membered ring or 1–5 heteroatoms for the six-membered ring, respectively, which may be identical or not identical and selected from the group consisting of N, S, O and P; said heteroaromatic five-membered ring or six-membered ring optionally being annellated to one or more other rings of any ring size, said other rings being aromatic, heteroaromatic, or non-aromatic, and optionally being substituted with 1–5 identical or different substituents selected from the group consisting of C₁–C₁₀ linear or branched alkyl, C₃–C₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₁–C₁₀ linear or branched perfluoroalkyl, C₂–C₁₀ alkenyl, C₂–C₁₀ alkynyl, C₆–C₂₀ arly or heteroaryl, —COOR², —OR³, —CN, —SR⁴, —SOR⁵, —SO₂R⁶, —SO₂(OR⁷), —SO₂(NR⁸R⁹), —COR¹⁰, NR¹¹R12, —CONR¹³R¹⁴, —F, —Cl, —SiR¹⁵R¹⁶R¹⁷, —PR¹⁸R¹⁹, —P(O)R²⁰, R²¹, —P(O)(OR²²)(OR²³), —P(O)(NR²⁴R²⁵)(NR²⁶R²⁷), —NCO, —NCS, —OC(O)OR²⁸, —OC(S)OR²⁹, —OC(O)NR³⁰R³¹, —NR³²C(O)OR³³, —NR³⁴C(O)NR³⁵R³⁶, —C(OR³⁷)₂, —C(OR³⁸)(OR³⁹), —OC(O)R⁴⁰, —NR⁴¹C(O)R⁴², —SC(O)R⁴³, —N═R⁴⁴, —OSO₂R⁴⁵, —NR⁴⁶SO₂R⁴⁷, —C(NR(OR⁴⁹), —N═NR⁵⁰R⁵¹, —NO₂, —C(OR⁵²)₃, —C(SR⁵³)₂, —OSiR⁵⁴R⁵⁵R⁵⁶, with R²–R⁵⁶ being independently selected from the group consisting of H, C₁–C₁₀ linear or branched alkyl, C₃–C₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₁–C₁₀ linear or branched perfluoroalkyl, C₂–C₁₀ alkenyl, C₂–C₁₀ alkynyl, C₆–C₂₀ aryl and heteroaryl.
 6. The process according to claim 1, in which said group X is chloride.
 7. The process according to claim 1, in which said group X is —OSO₂R⁵⁷ or —OP(O)(OR⁵⁸)(OR⁵⁹) with R⁵⁷–R⁵⁹ being independently selected from the group consisting of C₁–C₁₀ linear or branched alkyl, C₁–C₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₁–C₁₀ perfluoroalkyl, C₆–C₂₀ aryl and heteroaryl; said alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl or heteroaryl groups optionally being substituted with 1–5 identical or different substituents selected from the group consisting of C₁–C₆ branched or linear alkyl, C₁–C₆ perfluoroalkyl, C₆–C₂₀ aryl, —F and —CN.
 8. The process according to claim 7, in which said group X is methanesulfonate, benzenesulfonate, toluenesulfonate, dimethylbenzenesulfonate, trimethylbenzenesulfonate, triisopropylbenzcnesulfonate, fluorobenzenesulfonate, difluorobenzenesulfoante, trifluorobenzenesulfonate, hexafluorobenzenesulfonate, methoxybenzenesulfonate, trifluoromethanesulfonate, or nonafluorobutanesulfonate (nonaflate).
 9. The process according to claim 1, in which said organometallic reagent (R¹)-M is a Grignard reagent, wherein each R¹ independently represents C₁–C₂₀ linear or branched alkyl, C₃–C₂₀ cycloalkyl, C₆–C₂₀ aryl or heteroaryl; said alkyl or aryl groups optionally being substituted by any substituent which is inert under the reaction conditions towards magnesium; M represents MgZ, wherein Z represents fluoride, chloride, bromide or iodide.
 10. The process according to claim 1, in which said organometallic reagent (R¹)-M is a diorganomagnesium reagent, wherein each R¹ independently represents any C₁–C₂₀ linear or branched alkyl, C₃–C₂₀ cycloalkyl, C₆–C₂₀ aryl or heteroaryl; said alkyl or aryl groups may be substituted by any substituent which is inert under the reaction conditions towards magnesium; M represents MgZ, wherein Z represents any C₁–C₂₀ linear or branched alkyl, C₃–C₂₀ cycloalkyl, C₆–C₂₀ aryl or heteroaryl.
 11. The process according to claim 1, in which said organometallic reagent (R¹)-M is a triorganozincate, wherein M represents (ZnR⁶⁰R⁶¹)MgZ wherein R⁶⁰ and R⁶¹ independently represent any C₁–C₂₀ linear or branched alkyl, C₃–C₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₆–C₂₀ aryl or heteroaryl, which may be substituted or unsubstituted by any substituent which is inert under the reaction conditions towards (ZnR⁶⁰R⁶¹)MgZ, wherein Z represents fluoride, chloride, bromide or iodide.
 12. The process according to claim 1, in which said aromatic or heteroaromatic substrates contain more than one X group which may be identical or not identical.
 13. A process according to claim 12, in which only one of said X groups is selectively replaced during the cross coupling reaction by an organic residue R¹ while the others of said X groups are preserved in the cross coupling product formed.
 14. The process according to claim 12, in which all of said X groups, which may be identical or not identical, are replaced during the cross coupling process by organic residues R¹, which may be identical or different.
 15. The process according to claim 12, in which said groups X are consecutively replaced during the process by organic residues R¹ that are non-identical by consecutive addition of organometallic reagents R¹-M having different R¹ residues to the reaction mixture containing said substrate and one or several iron catalysts or iron precatalysts.
 16. The process according to claim 1, in which said cross coupling reaction is performed in a reaction medium containing one or more ethereal solvents or hydrocarbon solvents.
 17. The process according to claim 16, in which said ethereal solvents or hydrocarbon solvents are selected from the group consisting of diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, tetrahydropyran, methyl-tetrahydrofuran, 1,4-dioxane, tert-butyl methyl ether, dibutyl ether, di-isopropyl ether, dimethoxyethane, dimethoxymethane, pentane, hexane, heptane, octane, isooctane, cyclohexane, benzene, toluene, xylene, cymene, petrol ether and decaline.
 18. The process according to claim 1, in which said cross coupling reaction is performed in a reaction medium containing one or more aprotic dipolar solvents.
 19. The process according to claim 18, in which said aprotic dipolar solvent is selected from the group consisting of dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, dimethylsulfoxide, N-methylpyrrolidinone (NMP), tetramethylurea, sulfolane, diethyl carbonate, 1,3-dimethyltetrahydro-2(1H)-pyrimidinone (DMPU), hexamethyiphosphoric acid triamide (HMPA) and N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA).
 20. The process according to claim 1, in which said cross coupling reaction is performed in a reaction medium containing one or more ethereal or hydrocarbon solvents selected from the group consisting of diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, tetrahydropyran, methyl-tetrahydrofuran, 1,4-dioxane, tert-butyl methyl ether, dibutyl ether, di-isopropyl ether, dimethoxyethane, dimethoxymethane, pentane, hexane, heptane, octane, isooctane, cyclohexane, benzene, toluene, xylene, cymene, petrol ether and decaline, as well as one or more aprotic dipoiar solvents selected from the group consisting of dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, dimethylsulfoxide, N-methylpyrrolidinone (NMP), tetramethylurea, sulfolane, diethyl carbonate, 1,3-dimethyltetrahydro-2(1H)-pyrimidinone (DMPU), hexamethyiphosphoric acid triarmde (HMPA) and N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA). 